Currently, most people use the Arabic numeral system because it is easier. However, it was different in the past. Many years ago, the Roman Empire dominated vast territories for several centuries. With its extensive dominion, it spread its philosophy and knowledge far and wide, introducing Roman numerals.
In this guide, our goal is to teach you this numbering system, which is still used in some things (like in the movies: Star Wars IV, V, VI ), and explain it so you can learn it easily. First of all, if you already know the theory and want to use a converter, you can use this one here:
Roman Numeral Translator (Converter)
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What are Roman numerals?
Roman numerals are a numbering system that is rarely used today. They consist of capital letters to represent numbers. The combination of these letters, by adding or subtracting them, creates a different number. All the letters used are as follows:
- I = 1
- V = 5
- X = 10
- L = 50
- C = 100
- D = 500
- M = 1000
For example, the number 1 is represented by the letter "I", and two by the sum of 2, "II". Once you understand these equivalencies, we will now explain how to write Roman numerals.
How are Roman numerals written?
To write Roman numerals, you must master addition and subtraction. The rest are simple rules that we will show you. To begin, you need to know that there cannot be more than three identical letters in a row.
If two letters are the same, or the first is greater than the second, they are added; otherwise (where the first letter is less than the second), they are subtracted. For example:
- I = 1
- II = 1 + 1 = 2
- III = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
- VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
- IV = 5 – 1 = 4
- IX = 10 – 1 = 9
- XIX = 10 + 10 – 1 = 19
If you want to use a number equal to or greater than 4.000, you must place a line, called a vinculum, above the letters. This signifies that the number is being multiplied by 1,000. For example, 4,000 in Roman numerals is represented as follows:
The number 10.000 is represented like this:
And finally, one that might be complex: 50.000 in Roman numerals is written as follows:
In ancient times, very large numbers, like millions, weren't necessary . And the Romans didn't attach much importance to them. Even so, it's possible to write them by placing a line above and below the letters. In that sense, if we wanted to refer to 5,000,000, we would use the format:
The number 5 (V) and its multiples, 50 and 500 (L, D), cannot be used for subtraction. It is incorrect to write "VC" to refer to the number 95.
The correct form is: XCV.
List of Roman numerals
Now that you have some idea of how to write Roman numerals, it would be helpful to look at a complete list of the numbers from 1 to 1000, and another set of higher numbers. This will help you become more familiar with them and understand them better.
the 1 to 50
| Number | Roman Numeral |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
| 10 | X |
| 11 | XI |
| 12 | XII |
| 13 | XIII |
| 14 | XIV |
| 15 | XV |
| 16 | XVI |
| 17 | XVII |
| 18 | XVIII |
| 19 | XIX |
| 20 | XX |
| 21 | XXI |
| 22 | XXII |
| 23 | XXIII |
| 24 | XXIV |
| 25 | XXV |
| 26 | XXVI |
| 27 | XXVIII |
| 28 | XXVIII |
| 29 | XXIX |
| 30 | XXX |
| 31 | XXXI |
| 32 | XXXII |
| 33 | XXXIII |
| 34 | xxxiv |
| 35 | XXXV |
| 36 | XXXVI |
| 37 | XXXVII |
| 38 | XXXVIII |
| 39 | XXXIX |
| 40 | XL |
| 41 | XLI |
| 42 | XLII |
| 43 | XLII |
| 44 | XLIV |
| 45 | XLV |
| 46 | XLVI |
| 47 | XLVII |
| 48 | XLVIII |
| 49 | XLIX |
| 50 | L |
the 1 to 100
| Number | Roman Numeral |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
| 10 | X |
| 11 | XI |
| 12 | XII |
| 13 | XIII |
| 14 | XIV |
| 15 | XV |
| 16 | XVI |
| 17 | XVII |
| 18 | XVIII |
| 19 | XIX |
| 20 | XX |
| 21 | XXI |
| 22 | XXII |
| 23 | XXIII |
| 24 | XXIV |
| 25 | XXV |
| 26 | XXVI |
| 27 | XXVIII |
| 28 | XXVIII |
| 29 | XXIX |
| 30 | XXX |
| 31 | XXXI |
| 32 | XXXII |
| 33 | XXXIII |
| 34 | xxxiv |
| 35 | XXXV |
| 36 | XXXVI |
| 37 | XXXVII |
| 38 | XXXVIII |
| 39 | XXXIX |
| 40 | XL |
| 41 | XLI |
| 42 | XLII |
| 43 | XLII |
| 44 | XLIV |
| 45 | XLV |
| 46 | XLVI |
| 47 | XLVII |
| 48 | XLVIII |
| 49 | XLIX |
| 50 | L |
| 51 | LI |
| 52 | LII |
| 53 | III |
| 54 | LIV |
| 55 | LV |
| 56 | LVI |
| 57 | lvii |
| 58 | LVIII |
| 59 | SIX |
| 60 | LX |
| 61 | LXXI |
| 62 | XNUMX |
| 63 | XNUMX |
| 64 | LXIV |
| 65 | XNUMX |
| 66 | LXVI |
| 67 | XNUMX |
| 68 | LXVIII |
| 69 | XNUMX |
| 70 | Lxx |
| 71 | LXXI |
| 72 | LXXII |
| 73 | LXXIII |
| 74 | LXXIV |
| 75 | XNUMX |
| 76 | LXXVI |
| 77 | LXXVII |
| 78 | LXXVIII |
| 79 | LXXIX |
| 80 | Lxxx |
| 81 | XNUMX |
| 82 | XNUMX |
| 83 | XNUMX |
| 84 | XNUMX |
| 85 | XNUMX |
| 86 | XNUMX |
| 87 | XNUMX |
| 88 | XNUMX |
| 89 | XNUMX |
| 90 | XC |
| 91 | XCIMore |
| 92 | XII |
| 93 | XCIII |
| 94 | XCIV |
| 95 | XCV |
| 96 | XCVI |
| 97 | XCVII |
| 98 | XCVIII |
| 99 | XNUMX |
| 100 | C |
the 1 to 500
| Number | Roman Numeral |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
| 10 | X |
| 11 | XI |
| 12 | XII |
| 13 | XIII |
| 14 | XIV |
| 15 | XV |
| 16 | XVI |
| 17 | XVII |
| 18 | XVIII |
| 19 | XIX |
| 20 | XX |
| 21 | XXI |
| 22 | XXII |
| 23 | XXIII |
| 24 | XXIV |
| 25 | XXV |
| 26 | XXVI |
| 27 | XXVIII |
| 28 | XXVIII |
| 29 | XXIX |
| 30 | XXX |
| 31 | XXXI |
| 32 | XXXII |
| 33 | XXXIII |
| 34 | xxxiv |
| 35 | XXXV |
| 36 | XXXVI |
| 37 | XXXVII |
| 38 | XXXVIII |
| 39 | XXXIX |
| 40 | XL |
| 41 | XLI |
| 42 | XLII |
| 43 | XLII |
| 44 | XLIV |
| 45 | XLV |
| 46 | XLVI |
| 47 | XLVII |
| 48 | XLVIII |
| 49 | XLIX |
| 50 | L |
| 51 | LI |
| 52 | LII |
| 53 | III |
| 54 | LIV |
| 55 | LV |
| 56 | LVI |
| 57 | lvii |
| 58 | LVIII |
| 59 | SIX |
| 60 | LX |
| 61 | LXXI |
| 62 | XNUMX |
| 63 | XNUMX |
| 64 | LXIV |
| 65 | XNUMX |
| 66 | LXVI |
| 67 | XNUMX |
| 68 | LXVIII |
| 69 | XNUMX |
| 70 | Lxx |
| 71 | LXXI |
| 72 | LXXII |
| 73 | LXXIII |
| 74 | LXXIV |
| 75 | XNUMX |
| 76 | LXXVI |
| 77 | LXXVII |
| 78 | LXXVIII |
| 79 | LXXIX |
| 80 | Lxxx |
| 81 | XNUMX |
| 82 | XNUMX |
| 83 | XNUMX |
| 84 | XNUMX |
| 85 | XNUMX |
| 86 | XNUMX |
| 87 | XNUMX |
| 88 | XNUMX |
| 89 | XNUMX |
| 90 | XC |
| 91 | XCIMore |
| 92 | XII |
| 93 | XCIII |
| 94 | XCIV |
| 95 | XCV |
| 96 | XCVI |
| 97 | XCVII |
| 98 | XCVIII |
| 99 | XNUMX |
| 100 | C |
| 101 | CI |
| 102 | IIC |
| 103 | CIII |
| 104 | CIV |
| 105 | CV |
| 106 | IVC |
| 107 | CVII |
| 108 | CVIII |
| 109 | CIX |
| 110 | CX |
| 111 | CXI |
| 112 | CXII |
| 113 | CXIII |
| 114 | CXIV |
| 115 | CXV |
| 116 | CXVI |
| 117 | CXVII |
| 118 | CXVIII |
| 119 | CXIX |
| 120 | CXX |
| 121 | CXXI |
| 122 | XNUMX |
| 123 | CXXIII |
| 124 | CXXIV |
| 125 | CXXV |
| 126 | CXXVI |
| 127 | CXXVII |
| 128 | CXXVIII |
| 129 | CXXIX |
| 130 | CXXX |
| 131 | CXXXI |
| 132 | CXXXII |
| 133 | CXXXIII |
| 134 | CXXXIV |
| 135 | CXXXV |
| 136 | CXXXVI |
| 137 | CXXXVII |
| 138 | CXXXVIII |
| 139 | CXXXIX |
| 140 | CXL |
| 141 | CXLI |
| 142 | CXLII |
| 143 | CXLIII |
| 144 | CXLIV |
| 145 | CXLV |
| 146 | CXLVI |
| 147 | CXLVII |
| 148 | CXLVIII |
| 149 | CXLIX |
| 150 | CL |
| 151 | CLI |
| 152 | CLII |
| 153 | CLIII |
| 154 | CLIV |
| 155 | CLV |
| 156 | CLVI |
| 157 | CLVII |
| 158 | CLVIII |
| 159 | CLIX |
| 160 | CLX |
| 161 | CLXI |
| 162 | CLXII |
| 163 | CLXIII |
| 164 | CLXIV |
| 165 | CLXV |
| 166 | CLXVI |
| 167 | CLXVII |
| 168 | CLXVIII |
| 169 | CLXIX |
| 170 | CLXX |
| 171 | CLXXI |
| 172 | CLXXII |
| 173 | CLXXIII |
| 174 | CLXXIV |
| 175 | CLXXV |
| 176 | CLXXVI |
| 177 | CLXXVII |
| 178 | CLXXVIII |
| 179 | CLXXIX |
| 180 | CLXXX |
| 181 | CLXXXI |
| 182 | CLXXXII |
| 183 | CLXXXIII |
| 184 | CLXXXIV |
| 185 | CLXXXV |
| 186 | CLXXXVI |
| 187 | CLXXXVII |
| 188 | CLXXXVIII |
| 189 | CLXXXIX |
| 190 | CXC |
| 191 | CXCI |
| 192 | CXCII |
| 193 | CXCIII |
| 194 | CXCIV |
| 195 | CXCV |
| 196 | CXCVI |
| 197 | CXCVII |
| 198 | CXCVIII |
| 199 | CXCIX |
| 200 | CC |
| 201 | CCI |
| 202 | CCII |
| 203 | CCIII |
| 204 | CCIV |
| 205 | CCV |
| 206 | CCVI |
| 207 | CCVII |
| 208 | CCVIII |
| 209 | CCIX |
| 210 | CCX |
| 211 | CCXII |
| 212 | CCXII |
| 213 | CCXIII |
| 214 | CCXIV |
| 215 | CCXV |
| 216 | CCXVI |
| 217 | CCXVII |
| 218 | CCXVIII |
| 219 | CCXIX |
| 220 | CCXX |
| 221 | CCXXI |
| 222 | CCXXII |
| 223 | CCXXIII |
| 224 | CCXXIV |
| 225 | CCXXV |
| 226 | CCXXVI |
| 227 | CCXXVII |
| 228 | CCXXVIII |
| 229 | CCXXIX |
| 230 | CCXXX |
| 231 | CCXXXI |
| 232 | CCXXXII |
| 233 | CCXXXIII |
| 234 | CCXXXIV |
| 235 | CCXXXV |
| 236 | CCXXXVI |
| 237 | CCXXXVII |
| 238 | CCXXXVIII |
| 239 | CCXXXIX |
| 240 | CCXL |
| 241 | CCXLI |
| 242 | CCXLII |
| 243 | CCXLIII |
| 244 | CCXLIV |
| 245 | CCXLV |
| 246 | CCXLVI |
| 247 | CCXLVII |
| 248 | CCXLVIII |
| 249 | CCXLIX |
| 250 | CCL |
| 251 | CCLI |
| 252 | CCLII |
| 253 | CCLIII |
| 254 | CCLIV |
| 255 | CCLV |
| 256 | CCLVI |
| 257 | CCLVII |
| 258 | CCLVIII |
| 259 | CCLIX |
| 260 | CCLX |
| 261 | CCLXI |
| 262 | CCLXII |
| 263 | CCLXIII |
| 264 | CCLXIV |
| 265 | CCLXV |
| 266 | CCLXVI |
| 267 | CCLXVII |
| 268 | CCLXVIII |
| 269 | CCLXIX |
| 270 | CCLXX |
| 271 | CCLXXI |
| 272 | CCLXXII |
| 273 | CCL XXIII |
| 274 | CCLXXIV |
| 275 | CCLXXV |
| 276 | CCLXXVI |
| 277 | CCLXXVII |
| 278 | CCLXXVIII |
| 279 | CCLXXIX |
| 280 | CCLXXX |
| 281 | CCLXXXI |
| 282 | CCLXXXII |
| 283 | CCLXXXIII |
| 284 | CCLXXXIV |
| 285 | CCLXXXV |
| 286 | CCLXXXVI |
| 287 | CCLXXXVII |
| 288 | CCLXXXVIII |
| 289 | CCLXXXIX |
| 290 | CCXC |
| 291 | CCXCI |
| 292 | CCXCII |
| 293 | CCXCIII |
| 294 | CCXCIV |
| 295 | CCXCV |
| 296 | CCXCVI |
| 297 | CCXCVII |
| 298 | CCXCVIII |
| 299 | CCXCIX |
| 300 | CCC |
| 301 | CCCI |
| 302 | CCCII |
| 303 | CCCIII |
| 304 | CCCIV |
| 305 | CC CV |
| 306 | CCCVI |
| 307 | CCCVII |
| 308 | CCCVIII |
| 309 | CCCIX |
| 310 | CCCX |
| 311 | CCCXI |
| 312 | CCCXII |
| 313 | CCCXIII |
| 314 | CCCXIV |
| 315 | CCCXV |
| 316 | CCCXVI |
| 317 | CCCXVII |
| 318 | CCCXVIII |
| 319 | CCCXIX |
| 320 | CCCXX |
| 321 | CCCXXI |
| 322 | CCCXXII |
| 323 | CCCXXIII |
| 324 | CCCXXIV |
| 325 | CCCXXV |
| 326 | CCCXXVI |
| 327 | CCCXXVII |
| 328 | CCCXXVIII |
| 329 | CCCXXIX |
| 330 | CCCXXX |
| 331 | CCCXXXI |
| 332 | CCCXXXII |
| 333 | CCCXXXIII |
| 334 | CCCXXXIV |
| 335 | CCCXXXV |
| 336 | CCCXXXVI |
| 337 | CCCXXXVII |
| 338 | CCCXXXVIII |
| 339 | CCCXXXIX |
| 340 | CCCXL |
| 341 | CCCXLI |
| 342 | CCCXLII |
| 343 | CCCXLIII |
| 344 | CCCXLIV |
| 345 | CCCXLV |
| 346 | CCCXLVI |
| 347 | CCCXLVII |
| 348 | CCCXLVIII |
| 349 | CCCXLIX |
| 350 | CCCL |
| 351 | CCCLI |
| 352 | CCCLII |
| 353 | CCCLIII |
| 354 | CCCLIV |
| 355 | CCLV |
| 356 | CCCLVI |
| 357 | CCCLVII |
| 358 | CCCLVIII |
| 359 | CCCLIX |
| 360 | CCCLX |
| 361 | CCLXI |
| 362 | CCCLXII |
| 363 | CCCLXIII |
| 364 | CCCLXIV |
| 365 | CCCLXV |
| 366 | CCCLXVI |
| 367 | CCCLXVII |
| 368 | CCCLXVIII |
| 369 | CCCLXIX |
| 370 | CCCLXX |
| 371 | CCCLXXI |
| 372 | CCCLXXII |
| 373 | CCCLXXIII |
| 374 | CCCLXXIV |
| 375 | CCCLXXV |
| 376 | CCCLXXVI |
| 377 | CCCLXXVII |
| 378 | CCCLXXVIII |
| 379 | CCCLXXIX |
| 380 | CCCLXXX |
| 381 | CCCLXXXI |
| 382 | CCCLXXXII |
| 383 | CCCLXXXIII |
| 384 | CCCLXXXIV |
| 385 | CCCLXXXV |
| 386 | CCCLXXXVI |
| 387 | CCCLXXXVII |
| 388 | CCCLXXXVIII |
| 389 | CCCLXXXIX |
| 390 | CCCXC |
| 391 | CCCXCI |
| 392 | CCXXII |
| 393 | CCXXCIII |
| 394 | CCXXCIV |
| 395 | CCCXCV |
| 396 | CCXXCVI |
| 397 | CCXXCVII |
| 398 | CCCXCVIII |
| 399 | CCXXCIX |
| 400 | CD |
| 401 | long-term contract, |
| 402 | ICD |
| 403 | CDIII |
| 404 | CDIV |
| 405 | CDV |
| 406 | CDVI |
| 407 | CDVII |
| 408 | CDVIII |
| 409 | CDIX |
| 410 | CDX |
| 411 | CDXI |
| 412 | CDXII |
| 413 | CDXIII |
| 414 | CDXIV |
| 415 | CDXV |
| 416 | CDXVI |
| 417 | CDXVII |
| 418 | CDXVIII |
| 419 | CDXIX |
| 420 | CDXX |
| 421 | CDXXI |
| 422 | CDXXII |
| 423 | CDXXIII |
| 424 | CDXXIV |
| 425 | CDXXV |
| 426 | CDXXVI |
| 427 | CDXXVII |
| 428 | CDXXVIII |
| 429 | CDXXIX |
| 430 | CDXXX |
| 431 | CDXXXI |
| 432 | CDXXXII |
| 433 | CDXXXIII |
| 434 | CDXXXIV |
| 435 | CDXXXV |
| 436 | CDXXXVI |
| 437 | CDXXXVII |
| 438 | CDXXXVIII |
| 439 | CDXXXIX |
| 440 | CDXL |
| 441 | CDXLI |
| 442 | CDXLII |
| 443 | CDXLIII |
| 444 | CDXLIV |
| 445 | CDXLV |
| 446 | CDXLVI |
| 447 | CDXLVII |
| 448 | CDXLVIII |
| 449 | CDXLIX |
| 450 | CDL |
| 451 | CDLI |
| 452 | CDLII |
| 453 | CDLIII |
| 454 | CDLIV |
| 455 | CDLV |
| 456 | CDLVI |
| 457 | CDLVII |
| 458 | CDLVIII |
| 459 | CDLIX |
| 460 | CDLX |
| 461 | CDLXI |
| 462 | CDLXII |
| 463 | CDLXIII |
| 464 | CDLXIV |
| 465 | CDLXV |
| 466 | CDLXVI |
| 467 | CDLXVII |
| 468 | CDLXVIII |
| 469 | CDLXIX |
| 470 | CDLXX |
| 471 | CDLXXI |
| 472 | CDLXXII |
| 473 | CDLXXIII |
| 474 | CDLXXIV |
| 475 | CDLXXV |
| 476 | CDLXXVI |
| 477 | CDLXXVII |
| 478 | CDLXXVIII |
| 479 | CDLXXIX |
| 480 | CDLXXX |
| 481 | CDLXXXI |
| 482 | CDLXXXII |
| 483 | CDLXXXIII |
| 484 | CDLXXXIV |
| 485 | CDLXXXV |
| 486 | CDLXXXVI |
| 487 | CDLXXXVII |
| 488 | CDLXXXVIII |
| 489 | CDLXXXIX |
| 490 | CDXC |
| 491 | CDXCI |
| 492 | CDXCII |
| 493 | CDXCIII |
| 494 | CDXCIV |
| 495 | CDXCV |
| 496 | CDXCVI |
| 497 | CDXCVII |
| 498 | CDXCVIII |
| 499 | CDXCIX |
| 500 | D |
the 1 to 1000
| Number | Roman Numeral |
|---|---|
| 1 | I |
| 2 | II |
| 3 | III |
| 4 | IV |
| 5 | V |
| 6 | VI |
| 7 | VII |
| 8 | VIII |
| 9 | IX |
| 10 | X |
| 11 | XI |
| 12 | XII |
| 13 | XIII |
| 14 | XIV |
| 15 | XV |
| 16 | XVI |
| 17 | XVII |
| 18 | XVIII |
| 19 | XIX |
| 20 | XX |
| 21 | XXI |
| 22 | XXII |
| 23 | XXIII |
| 24 | XXIV |
| 25 | XXV |
| 26 | XXVI |
| 27 | XXVIII |
| 28 | XXVIII |
| 29 | XXIX |
| 30 | XXX |
| 31 | XXXI |
| 32 | XXXII |
| 33 | XXXIII |
| 34 | xxxiv |
| 35 | XXXV |
| 36 | XXXVI |
| 37 | XXXVII |
| 38 | XXXVIII |
| 39 | XXXIX |
| 40 | XL |
| 41 | XLI |
| 42 | XLII |
| 43 | XLII |
| 44 | XLIV |
| 45 | XLV |
| 46 | XLVI |
| 47 | XLVII |
| 48 | XLVIII |
| 49 | XLIX |
| 50 | L |
| 51 | LI |
| 52 | LII |
| 53 | III |
| 54 | LIV |
| 55 | LV |
| 56 | LVI |
| 57 | lvii |
| 58 | LVIII |
| 59 | SIX |
| 60 | LX |
| 61 | LXXI |
| 62 | XNUMX |
| 63 | XNUMX |
| 64 | LXIV |
| 65 | XNUMX |
| 66 | LXVI |
| 67 | XNUMX |
| 68 | LXVIII |
| 69 | XNUMX |
| 70 | Lxx |
| 71 | LXXI |
| 72 | LXXII |
| 73 | LXXIII |
| 74 | LXXIV |
| 75 | XNUMX |
| 76 | LXXVI |
| 77 | LXXVII |
| 78 | LXXVIII |
| 79 | LXXIX |
| 80 | Lxxx |
| 81 | XNUMX |
| 82 | XNUMX |
| 83 | XNUMX |
| 84 | XNUMX |
| 85 | XNUMX |
| 86 | XNUMX |
| 87 | XNUMX |
| 88 | XNUMX |
| 89 | XNUMX |
| 90 | XC |
| 91 | XCIMore |
| 92 | XII |
| 93 | XCIII |
| 94 | XCIV |
| 95 | XCV |
| 96 | XCVI |
| 97 | XCVII |
| 98 | XCVIII |
| 99 | XNUMX |
| 100 | C |
| 101 | CI |
| 102 | IIC |
| 103 | CIII |
| 104 | CIV |
| 105 | CV |
| 106 | IVC |
| 107 | CVII |
| 108 | CVIII |
| 109 | CIX |
| 110 | CX |
| 111 | CXI |
| 112 | CXII |
| 113 | CXIII |
| 114 | CXIV |
| 115 | CXV |
| 116 | CXVI |
| 117 | CXVII |
| 118 | CXVIII |
| 119 | CXIX |
| 120 | CXX |
| 121 | CXXI |
| 122 | XNUMX |
| 123 | CXXIII |
| 124 | CXXIV |
| 125 | CXXV |
| 126 | CXXVI |
| 127 | CXXVII |
| 128 | CXXVIII |
| 129 | CXXIX |
| 130 | CXXX |
| 131 | CXXXI |
| 132 | CXXXII |
| 133 | CXXXIII |
| 134 | CXXXIV |
| 135 | CXXXV |
| 136 | CXXXVI |
| 137 | CXXXVII |
| 138 | CXXXVIII |
| 139 | CXXXIX |
| 140 | CXL |
| 141 | CXLI |
| 142 | CXLII |
| 143 | CXLIII |
| 144 | CXLIV |
| 145 | CXLV |
| 146 | CXLVI |
| 147 | CXLVII |
| 148 | CXLVIII |
| 149 | CXLIX |
| 150 | CL |
| 151 | CLI |
| 152 | CLII |
| 153 | CLIII |
| 154 | CLIV |
| 155 | CLV |
| 156 | CLVI |
| 157 | CLVII |
| 158 | CLVIII |
| 159 | CLIX |
| 160 | CLX |
| 161 | CLXI |
| 162 | CLXII |
| 163 | CLXIII |
| 164 | CLXIV |
| 165 | CLXV |
| 166 | CLXVI |
| 167 | CLXVII |
| 168 | CLXVIII |
| 169 | CLXIX |
| 170 | CLXX |
| 171 | CLXXI |
| 172 | CLXXII |
| 173 | CLXXIII |
| 174 | CLXXIV |
| 175 | CLXXV |
| 176 | CLXXVI |
| 177 | CLXXVII |
| 178 | CLXXVIII |
| 179 | CLXXIX |
| 180 | CLXXX |
| 181 | CLXXXI |
| 182 | CLXXXII |
| 183 | CLXXXIII |
| 184 | CLXXXIV |
| 185 | CLXXXV |
| 186 | CLXXXVI |
| 187 | CLXXXVII |
| 188 | CLXXXVIII |
| 189 | CLXXXIX |
| 190 | CXC |
| 191 | CXCI |
| 192 | CXCII |
| 193 | CXCIII |
| 194 | CXCIV |
| 195 | CXCV |
| 196 | CXCVI |
| 197 | CXCVII |
| 198 | CXCVIII |
| 199 | CXCIX |
| 200 | CC |
| 201 | CCI |
| 202 | CCII |
| 203 | CCIII |
| 204 | CCIV |
| 205 | CCV |
| 206 | CCVI |
| 207 | CCVII |
| 208 | CCVIII |
| 209 | CCIX |
| 210 | CCX |
| 211 | CCXII |
| 212 | CCXII |
| 213 | CCXIII |
| 214 | CCXIV |
| 215 | CCXV |
| 216 | CCXVI |
| 217 | CCXVII |
| 218 | CCXVIII |
| 219 | CCXIX |
| 220 | CCXX |
| 221 | CCXXI |
| 222 | CCXXII |
| 223 | CCXXIII |
| 224 | CCXXIV |
| 225 | CCXXV |
| 226 | CCXXVI |
| 227 | CCXXVII |
| 228 | CCXXVIII |
| 229 | CCXXIX |
| 230 | CCXXX |
| 231 | CCXXXI |
| 232 | CCXXXII |
| 233 | CCXXXIII |
| 234 | CCXXXIV |
| 235 | CCXXXV |
| 236 | CCXXXVI |
| 237 | CCXXXVII |
| 238 | CCXXXVIII |
| 239 | CCXXXIX |
| 240 | CCXL |
| 241 | CCXLI |
| 242 | CCXLII |
| 243 | CCXLIII |
| 244 | CCXLIV |
| 245 | CCXLV |
| 246 | CCXLVI |
| 247 | CCXLVII |
| 248 | CCXLVIII |
| 249 | CCXLIX |
| 250 | CCL |
| 251 | CCLI |
| 252 | CCLII |
| 253 | CCLIII |
| 254 | CCLIV |
| 255 | CCLV |
| 256 | CCLVI |
| 257 | CCLVII |
| 258 | CCLVIII |
| 259 | CCLIX |
| 260 | CCLX |
| 261 | CCLXI |
| 262 | CCLXII |
| 263 | CCLXIII |
| 264 | CCLXIV |
| 265 | CCLXV |
| 266 | CCLXVI |
| 267 | CCLXVII |
| 268 | CCLXVIII |
| 269 | CCLXIX |
| 270 | CCLXX |
| 271 | CCLXXI |
| 272 | CCLXXII |
| 273 | CCL XXIII |
| 274 | CCLXXIV |
| 275 | CCLXXV |
| 276 | CCLXXVI |
| 277 | CCLXXVII |
| 278 | CCLXXVIII |
| 279 | CCLXXIX |
| 280 | CCLXXX |
| 281 | CCLXXXI |
| 282 | CCLXXXII |
| 283 | CCLXXXIII |
| 284 | CCLXXXIV |
| 285 | CCLXXXV |
| 286 | CCLXXXVI |
| 287 | CCLXXXVII |
| 288 | CCLXXXVIII |
| 289 | CCLXXXIX |
| 290 | CCXC |
| 291 | CCXCI |
| 292 | CCXCII |
| 293 | CCXCIII |
| 294 | CCXCIV |
| 295 | CCXCV |
| 296 | CCXCVI |
| 297 | CCXCVII |
| 298 | CCXCVIII |
| 299 | CCXCIX |
| 300 | CCC |
| 301 | CCCI |
| 302 | CCCII |
| 303 | CCCIII |
| 304 | CCCIV |
| 305 | CC CV |
| 306 | CCCVI |
| 307 | CCCVII |
| 308 | CCCVIII |
| 309 | CCCIX |
| 310 | CCCX |
| 311 | CCCXI |
| 312 | CCCXII |
| 313 | CCCXIII |
| 314 | CCCXIV |
| 315 | CCCXV |
| 316 | CCCXVI |
| 317 | CCCXVII |
| 318 | CCCXVIII |
| 319 | CCCXIX |
| 320 | CCCXX |
| 321 | CCCXXI |
| 322 | CCCXXII |
| 323 | CCCXXIII |
| 324 | CCCXXIV |
| 325 | CCCXXV |
| 326 | CCCXXVI |
| 327 | CCCXXVII |
| 328 | CCCXXVIII |
| 329 | CCCXXIX |
| 330 | CCCXXX |
| 331 | CCCXXXI |
| 332 | CCCXXXII |
| 333 | CCCXXXIII |
| 334 | CCCXXXIV |
| 335 | CCCXXXV |
| 336 | CCCXXXVI |
| 337 | CCCXXXVII |
| 338 | CCCXXXVIII |
| 339 | CCCXXXIX |
| 340 | CCCXL |
| 341 | CCCXLI |
| 342 | CCCXLII |
| 343 | CCCXLIII |
| 344 | CCCXLIV |
| 345 | CCCXLV |
| 346 | CCCXLVI |
| 347 | CCCXLVII |
| 348 | CCCXLVIII |
| 349 | CCCXLIX |
| 350 | CCCL |
| 351 | CCCLI |
| 352 | CCCLII |
| 353 | CCCLIII |
| 354 | CCCLIV |
| 355 | CCLV |
| 356 | CCCLVI |
| 357 | CCCLVII |
| 358 | CCCLVIII |
| 359 | CCCLIX |
| 360 | CCCLX |
| 361 | CCLXI |
| 362 | CCCLXII |
| 363 | CCCLXIII |
| 364 | CCCLXIV |
| 365 | CCCLXV |
| 366 | CCCLXVI |
| 367 | CCCLXVII |
| 368 | CCCLXVIII |
| 369 | CCCLXIX |
| 370 | CCCLXX |
| 371 | CCCLXXI |
| 372 | CCCLXXII |
| 373 | CCCLXXIII |
| 374 | CCCLXXIV |
| 375 | CCCLXXV |
| 376 | CCCLXXVI |
| 377 | CCCLXXVII |
| 378 | CCCLXXVIII |
| 379 | CCCLXXIX |
| 380 | CCCLXXX |
| 381 | CCCLXXXI |
| 382 | CCCLXXXII |
| 383 | CCCLXXXIII |
| 384 | CCCLXXXIV |
| 385 | CCCLXXXV |
| 386 | CCCLXXXVI |
| 387 | CCCLXXXVII |
| 388 | CCCLXXXVIII |
| 389 | CCCLXXXIX |
| 390 | CCCXC |
| 391 | CCCXCI |
| 392 | CCXXII |
| 393 | CCXXCIII |
| 394 | CCXXCIV |
| 395 | CCCXCV |
| 396 | CCXXCVI |
| 397 | CCXXCVII |
| 398 | CCCXCVIII |
| 399 | CCXXCIX |
| 400 | CD |
| 401 | long-term contract, |
| 402 | ICD |
| 403 | CDIII |
| 404 | CDIV |
| 405 | CDV |
| 406 | CDVI |
| 407 | CDVII |
| 408 | CDVIII |
| 409 | CDIX |
| 410 | CDX |
| 411 | CDXI |
| 412 | CDXII |
| 413 | CDXIII |
| 414 | CDXIV |
| 415 | CDXV |
| 416 | CDXVI |
| 417 | CDXVII |
| 418 | CDXVIII |
| 419 | CDXIX |
| 420 | CDXX |
| 421 | CDXXI |
| 422 | CDXXII |
| 423 | CDXXIII |
| 424 | CDXXIV |
| 425 | CDXXV |
| 426 | CDXXVI |
| 427 | CDXXVII |
| 428 | CDXXVIII |
| 429 | CDXXIX |
| 430 | CDXXX |
| 431 | CDXXXI |
| 432 | CDXXXII |
| 433 | CDXXXIII |
| 434 | CDXXXIV |
| 435 | CDXXXV |
| 436 | CDXXXVI |
| 437 | CDXXXVII |
| 438 | CDXXXVIII |
| 439 | CDXXXIX |
| 440 | CDXL |
| 441 | CDXLI |
| 442 | CDXLII |
| 443 | CDXLIII |
| 444 | CDXLIV |
| 445 | CDXLV |
| 446 | CDXLVI |
| 447 | CDXLVII |
| 448 | CDXLVIII |
| 449 | CDXLIX |
| 450 | CDL |
| 451 | CDLI |
| 452 | CDLII |
| 453 | CDLIII |
| 454 | CDLIV |
| 455 | CDLV |
| 456 | CDLVI |
| 457 | CDLVII |
| 458 | CDLVIII |
| 459 | CDLIX |
| 460 | CDLX |
| 461 | CDLXI |
| 462 | CDLXII |
| 463 | CDLXIII |
| 464 | CDLXIV |
| 465 | CDLXV |
| 466 | CDLXVI |
| 467 | CDLXVII |
| 468 | CDLXVIII |
| 469 | CDLXIX |
| 470 | CDLXX |
| 471 | CDLXXI |
| 472 | CDLXXII |
| 473 | CDLXXIII |
| 474 | CDLXXIV |
| 475 | CDLXXV |
| 476 | CDLXXVI |
| 477 | CDLXXVII |
| 478 | CDLXXVIII |
| 479 | CDLXXIX |
| 480 | CDLXXX |
| 481 | CDLXXXI |
| 482 | CDLXXXII |
| 483 | CDLXXXIII |
| 484 | CDLXXXIV |
| 485 | CDLXXXV |
| 486 | CDLXXXVI |
| 487 | CDLXXXVII |
| 488 | CDLXXXVIII |
| 489 | CDLXXXIX |
| 490 | CDXC |
| 491 | CDXCI |
| 492 | CDXCII |
| 493 | CDXCIII |
| 494 | CDXCIV |
| 495 | CDXCV |
| 496 | CDXCVI |
| 497 | CDXCVII |
| 498 | CDXCVIII |
| 499 | CDXCIX |
| 500 | D |
| 501 | DI |
| 502 | II |
| 503 | III |
| 504 | DIV |
| 505 | DV |
| 506 | DVI |
| 507 | DVII |
| 508 | DVIII |
| 509 | DIX |
| 510 | DX |
| 511 | Dxi |
| 512 | DXII |
| 513 | DXIII |
| 514 | DXIV |
| 515 | DXV |
| 516 | DXVI |
| 517 | DXVII |
| 518 | DXVIII |
| 519 | DXIX |
| 520 | DXX |
| 521 | DXXI |
| 522 | DXXII |
| 523 | DXXIII |
| 524 | DXXIV |
| 525 | DXXV |
| 526 | DXXVI |
| 527 | DXXVII |
| 528 | DXXVIII |
| 529 | DXXIX |
| 530 | DXXX |
| 531 | DXXXI |
| 532 | DXXXII |
| 533 | DXXXIII |
| 534 | DXXXIV |
| 535 | DXXXV |
| 536 | DXXXVI |
| 537 | DXXXVII |
| 538 | DXXXVIII |
| 539 | DXXXIX |
| 540 | DXL |
| 541 | DXLI |
| 542 | DXLII |
| 543 | DXLIII |
| 544 | DXLIV |
| 545 | DXLV |
| 546 | DXLVI |
| 547 | DXLVII |
| 548 | DXLVIII |
| 549 | DXLIX |
| 550 | DL |
| 551 | DLI |
| 552 | DLII |
| 553 | DLIII |
| 554 | DLIV |
| 555 | DLV |
| 556 | DLVI |
| 557 | DLVII |
| 558 | DLVIII |
| 559 | DLIX |
| 560 | DLX |
| 561 | DLXI |
| 562 | DLXII |
| 563 | DLXIII |
| 564 | DLXIV |
| 565 | DLXV |
| 566 | DLXVI |
| 567 | DLXVII |
| 568 | DLXVIII |
| 569 | DLXIX |
| 570 | DLXX |
| 571 | DLXXI |
| 572 | DLXXII |
| 573 | DLXXIII |
| 574 | DLXXIV |
| 575 | DLXXV |
| 576 | DLXXVI |
| 577 | DLXXVII |
| 578 | DLXXVIII |
| 579 | DLXXIX |
| 580 | DLXXX |
| 581 | DLXXXI |
| 582 | DLXXXII |
| 583 | DLXXXIII |
| 584 | DLXXXIV |
| 585 | DLXXXV |
| 586 | DLXXXVI |
| 587 | DLXXXVII |
| 588 | DLXXXVIII |
| 589 | DLXXXIX |
| 590 | DXC |
| 591 | DXCI |
| 592 | DXCII |
| 593 | DXCIII |
| 594 | DXCIV |
| 595 | DXCV |
| 596 | DXCVI |
| 597 | DXCVII |
| 598 | DXCVIII |
| 599 | DXCIX |
| 600 | DC |
| 601 | DCI |
| 602 | DCII |
| 603 | DCIII |
| 604 | DCIV |
| 605 | DCV |
| 606 | DCVI |
| 607 | DCVII |
| 608 | DCVIII |
| 609 | DCIX |
| 610 | DCX |
| 611 | DCXI |
| 612 | DCXII |
| 613 | DCXIII |
| 614 | DCXIV |
| 615 | DCXV |
| 616 | DCXVI |
| 617 | DCXVII |
| 618 | DCXVIII |
| 619 | DCXIX |
| 620 | DCXX |
| 621 | DCXXI |
| 622 | DCXXII |
| 623 | DCXXIII |
| 624 | DCXXIV |
| 625 | DCXXV |
| 626 | DCXXVI |
| 627 | DCXXVII |
| 628 | DCXXVIII |
| 629 | DCXXIX |
| 630 | DCXXX |
| 631 | DCXXXI |
| 632 | DCXXXII |
| 633 | DCXXXIII |
| 634 | DCXXXIV |
| 635 | DCXXXV |
| 636 | DCXXXVI |
| 637 | DCXXXVII |
| 638 | DCXXXVIII |
| 639 | DCXXXIX |
| 640 | DCXL |
| 641 | DCXLI |
| 642 | DCXLII |
| 643 | DCXLIII |
| 644 | DCXLIV |
| 645 | DCXLV |
| 646 | DCXLVI |
| 647 | DCXLVII |
| 648 | DCXLVIII |
| 649 | DCXLIX |
| 650 | DCL |
| 651 | DCLI |
| 652 | DCLII |
| 653 | DCLIII |
| 654 | DCLIV |
| 655 | DCLV |
| 656 | DCLVI |
| 657 | DCLVII |
| 658 | DCLVIII |
| 659 | DCLIX |
| 660 | DCLX |
| 661 | DCLXI |
| 662 | DCLXII |
| 663 | DCLXIII |
| 664 | DCLXIV |
| 665 | DCLXV |
| 666 | DCLXVI |
| 667 | DCLXVII |
| 668 | DCLXVIII |
| 669 | DCLXIX |
| 670 | DCLXX |
| 671 | DCLXXI |
| 672 | DCLXXII |
| 673 | DCLXXIII |
| 674 | DCLXXIV |
| 675 | DCLXXV |
| 676 | DCLXXVI |
| 677 | DCLXXVII |
| 678 | DCLXXVIII |
| 679 | DCLXXIX |
| 680 | DCLXXX |
| 681 | DCLXXXI |
| 682 | DCLXXXII |
| 683 | DCLXXXIII |
| 684 | DCLXXXIV |
| 685 | DCLXXXV |
| 686 | DCLXXXVI |
| 687 | DCLXXXVII |
| 688 | DCLXXXVIII |
| 689 | DCLXXXIX |
| 690 | DCXC |
| 691 | DCXCI |
| 692 | DCXCII |
| 693 | DCXCIII |
| 694 | DCXCIV |
| 695 | DCXCV |
| 696 | DCXCVI |
| 697 | DCXCVII |
| 698 | DCXCVIII |
| 699 | DCXCIX |
| 700 | DCC |
| 701 | DCCI |
| 702 | DCCII |
| 703 | DCCIII |
| 704 | DCCIV |
| 705 | DCCV |
| 706 | DCCVI |
| 707 | DCCVII |
| 708 | DCCVIII |
| 709 | DCCIX |
| 710 | DCCX |
| 711 | DCCXI |
| 712 | DCCXII |
| 713 | DCCXIII |
| 714 | DCCXIV |
| 715 | DCCXV |
| 716 | DCCXVI |
| 717 | DCCXVII |
| 718 | DCCXVIII |
| 719 | DCXIX |
| 720 | DCCXX |
| 721 | DCCXXI |
| 722 | DCCXXII |
| 723 | DCCXXIII |
| 724 | DCCXXIV |
| 725 | DCCXXV |
| 726 | DCCXXVI |
| 727 | DCCXXVII |
| 728 | DCCXXVIII |
| 729 | DCCXXIX |
| 730 | DCCXXX |
| 731 | DCCXXXI |
| 732 | DCCXXXII |
| 733 | DCCXXXIII |
| 734 | DCCXXXIV |
| 735 | DCCXXXV |
| 736 | DCCXXXVI |
| 737 | DCCXXXVII |
| 738 | DCCXXXVIII |
| 739 | DCCXXXIX |
| 740 | DCCXL |
| 741 | DCCXLI |
| 742 | DCCXLII |
| 743 | DCCXLIII |
| 744 | DCCXLIV |
| 745 | DCCXLV |
| 746 | DCCXLVI |
| 747 | DCCXLVII |
| 748 | DCCXLVIII |
| 749 | DCCXLIX |
| 750 | DCCL |
| 751 | DCCLI |
| 752 | DCCLII |
| 753 | DCCLIII |
| 754 | DCCLIV |
| 755 | DCCLV |
| 756 | DCCLVI |
| 757 | DCCLVII |
| 758 | DCCLVIII |
| 759 | DCCLIX |
| 760 | DCCLX |
| 761 | DCCLXI |
| 762 | DCCLXII |
| 763 | DCCLXIII |
| 764 | DCCLXIV |
| 765 | DCCLXV |
| 766 | DCLXVI |
| 767 | DCLXVII |
| 768 | DCLXVIII |
| 769 | DCLXIX |
| 770 | DCCLXX |
| 771 | DCCLXXI |
| 772 | DCCLXXII |
| 773 | DCCLXXIII |
| 774 | DCCLXXIV |
| 775 | DCCLXXV |
| 776 | DCCLXXVI |
| 777 | DCCLXXVII |
| 778 | DCCLXXVIII |
| 779 | DCCLXXIX |
| 780 | DCCLXXX |
| 781 | DCCLXXXI |
| 782 | DCCLXXXII |
| 783 | DCCLXXXIII |
| 784 | DCCLXXXIV |
| 785 | DCCLXXXV |
| 786 | DCCLXXXVI |
| 787 | DCCLXXXVII |
| 788 | DCCLXXXVIII |
| 789 | DCCLXXXIX |
| 790 | DCCXC |
| 791 | DCCXCI |
| 792 | DCCXCII |
| 793 | DCCXCIII |
| 794 | DCCXCIV |
| 795 | DCCXCV |
| 796 | DCCXCVI |
| 797 | DCCXCVII |
| 798 | DCCXCVIII |
| 799 | DCCXCIX |
| 800 | DCC |
| 801 | DCCCI |
| 802 | DCCCII |
| 803 | DCCCIII |
| 804 | DCCCIV |
| 805 | DCCCV |
| 806 | DCCCVI |
| 807 | DCCCVII |
| 808 | DCCCVIII |
| 809 | DCCCIX |
| 810 | DCCCX |
| 811 | DCCCXI |
| 812 | DCCCXII |
| 813 | DCCCXIII |
| 814 | DCCCXIV |
| 815 | DCCCXV |
| 816 | DCCCXVI |
| 817 | DCCCXVII |
| 818 | DCCCXVIII |
| 819 | DCCCXIX |
| 820 | DCCCXX |
| 821 | DCCCXXI |
| 822 | DCCCXXII |
| 823 | DCCCXXIII |
| 824 | DCCCXXIV |
| 825 | DCCCXXV |
| 826 | DCCCXXVI |
| 827 | DCCCXXVII |
| 828 | DCCCXXVIII |
| 829 | DCCCXXIX |
| 830 | DCCCXXX |
| 831 | DCCCXXXI |
| 832 | DCCCXXXII |
| 833 | DCCCXXXIII |
| 834 | DCCCXXXIV |
| 835 | DCCCXXXV |
| 836 | DCCCXXXVI |
| 837 | DCCCXXXVII |
| 838 | DCCCXXXVIII |
| 839 | DCCCXXXIX |
| 840 | DCCCXL |
| 841 | DCCCXLI |
| 842 | DCCCXLII |
| 843 | DCCCXLIII |
| 844 | DCCCXLIV |
| 845 | DCCCXLV |
| 846 | DCCCXLVI |
| 847 | DCCCXLVII |
| 848 | DCCCXLVIII |
| 849 | DCCCXLIX |
| 850 | DCCCL |
| 851 | DCCCLI |
| 852 | DCCCLII |
| 853 | DCCCLIII |
| 854 | DCCCLIV |
| 855 | DCCCLV |
| 856 | DCCCLVI |
| 857 | DCCCLVII |
| 858 | DCCCLVIII |
| 859 | DCCCLIX |
| 860 | DCCCLX |
| 861 | DCCCLXI |
| 862 | DCCCLXII |
| 863 | DCCCLXIII |
| 864 | DCCCLXIV |
| 865 | DCCCLXV |
| 866 | DCCCLXVI |
| 867 | DCCCLXVII |
| 868 | DCCCLXVIII |
| 869 | DCCCLXIX |
| 870 | DCCCLXX |
| 871 | DCCCLXXI |
| 872 | DCCCLXXII |
| 873 | DCCCLXXIII |
| 874 | DCCCLXXIV |
| 875 | DCCCLXXV |
| 876 | DCCCLXXVI |
| 877 | DCCCLXXVII |
| 878 | DCCCLXXVIII |
| 879 | DCCCLXXIX |
| 880 | DCCCLXXX |
| 881 | DCCCLXXXI |
| 882 | DCCCLXXXII |
| 883 | DCCCLXXXIII |
| 884 | DCCCLXXXIV |
| 885 | DCCCLXXXV |
| 886 | DCCCLXXXVI |
| 887 | DCCCLXXXVII |
| 888 | DCCCLXXXVIII |
| 889 | DCCCLXXXIX |
| 890 | DCCCXC |
| 891 | DCCCXCI |
| 892 | DCCCXCII |
| 893 | DCCCXCIII |
| 894 | DCCCXCIV |
| 895 | DCCCXCV |
| 896 | DCCCXCVI |
| 897 | DCCCXCVII |
| 898 | DCCCXCVIII |
| 899 | DCCCXCIX |
| 900 | CM |
| 901 | HCM |
| 902 | CMII |
| 903 | CMIII |
| 904 | IVMC |
| 905 | CMV |
| 906 | CMVI |
| 907 | CMVII |
| 908 | CMVIII |
| 909 | CMIX |
| 910 | CMX |
| 911 | CMXI |
| 912 | CMXII |
| 913 | CMXIII |
| 914 | CMXIV |
| 915 | CMXV |
| 916 | CMXVI |
| 917 | CMXVII |
| 918 | CMXVIII |
| 919 | CMXIX |
| 920 | CMXX |
| 921 | CMXXI |
| 922 | CMXXII |
| 923 | CMXXIII |
| 924 | CMXXIV |
| 925 | CMXXV |
| 926 | CMXXVI |
| 927 | CMXXVII |
| 928 | CMXXVIII |
| 929 | CMXXIX |
| 930 | CMXXX |
| 931 | CMXXXI |
| 932 | CMXXXII |
| 933 | CMXXXIII |
| 934 | CMXXXIV |
| 935 | CMXXXV |
| 936 | CMXXXVI |
| 937 | CMXXXVII |
| 938 | CMXXXVIII |
| 939 | CMXXXIX |
| 940 | CMXL |
| 941 | CMXLI |
| 942 | CMXLII |
| 943 | CMXLIII |
| 944 | CMXLIV |
| 945 | CMXLV |
| 946 | CMXLVI |
| 947 | CMXLVII |
| 948 | CMXLVIII |
| 949 | CMXLIX |
| 950 | CML |
| 951 | CMLI |
| 952 | CMLII |
| 953 | CMLIII |
| 954 | CMLIV |
| 955 | CMLV |
| 956 | CMLVI |
| 957 | CMLVII |
| 958 | CMLVIII |
| 959 | CMLIX |
| 960 | CMLX |
| 961 | CMLXI |
| 962 | CMLXII |
| 963 | CMLXIII |
| 964 | CMLXIV |
| 965 | CMLXV |
| 966 | CMLXVI |
| 967 | CMLXVII |
| 968 | CMLXVIII |
| 969 | CMLXIX |
| 970 | CMLXX |
| 971 | CMLXXI |
| 972 | CMLXXII |
| 973 | CMLXXIII |
| 974 | CMLXXIV |
| 975 | CMLXXV |
| 976 | CMLXXVI |
| 977 | CMLXXVII |
| 978 | CMLXXVIII |
| 979 | CMLXXIX |
| 980 | CMLXXX |
| 981 | CMLXXXI |
| 982 | CMLXXXII |
| 983 | CMLXXXIII |
| 984 | CMLXXXIV |
| 985 | CMLXXXV |
| 986 | CMLXXXVI |
| 987 | CMLXXXVII |
| 988 | CMLXXXVIII |
| 989 | CMLXXXIX |
| 990 | CMXC |
| 991 | CMXCI |
| 992 | CMXCII |
| 993 | CMXCIII |
| 994 | CMXCIV |
| 995 | CMXCV |
| 996 | CMXCVI |
| 997 | CMXCVII |
| 998 | CMXCVIII |
| 999 | CMXCIX |
| 1000 | M |
from 1,000 onwards
In the previous lists we have reached the number 1.000, which is represented by an M. Below we present other higher numbers that may be of interest to you.
- 1000: M
- 1 007: MVII
- 1075: MLXXV
- 2000: MM
- 2019: MMXIX
- 3000: MMM
- 3823: MMMDCCCXXIII
- 3901: MMMCMI
- 4 001: IVI
- 5 954: VCMLIV
We use random numbers because we believe numbering them all would be unnecessary and inefficient. Look at them and see what structure we use to write them, and even better, think of another way to represent the same number. Then we'll tell you why they can only be written that way. That information will help you a lot.
Roman numeral rules
Admittedly, arithmetic operations with Roman numerals are somewhat complicated; in fact, that's one of the reasons why this numbering system fell out of use. Solving these operations involves following a few steps, similar to how it works with Arabic numerals; however, the process with Roman numerals is more involved.
Here we will explain how to add, subtract, multiply and divide with the numbers of ancient Rome.
Amount
To add two Roman numerals, you must follow these steps:
- Convert the subtractions into additions. For example: from XXIX (29) to XXVIIII. It doesn't matter if a letter is repeated more than 3 times.
- Concatenate (join) both numbers. For example: XXIX + XIV = XXVIIII + XIIII = XXVIIIIXIIII (here we put them together).
- Order the letters from largest to smallest. For example: XXVIIIIXIIII = XXXVIIIIIIIII.
- That is, write the letters correctly by adding them from right to left. For example: XXXVVIII.
- Repeat the process following the rules we have explained until it is perfect. For example: XXXVVIII → XXXXIII → XLIII.
Resta
Subtraction is simpler than addition. To perform it, follow these steps.
- Convert the subtractions into additions. For example: from CCXLI (241) to CCXXXXI. It doesn't matter if a letter is repeated more than 3 times.
- Remove the letters that are common to both numbers. For example: CCXLI – LXXXV = CCXXXXI – LXXXV = CCXI – LV.
- Expand the letters of the first term until the letters of the second term appear. For example: CCXI – LV = CLLXI - L
- Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the second term is empty. For example: CLLXI - LV = CLXI – V = CLVVI - V =
- That is, write the letters correctly. For example: CLVI = 156. In this case, it remains the same because there are no letters being subtracted.
Multiplication
To multiply Roman numerals, you must know how to add them, and how to divide and multiply Arabic numerals by 2. You also need to create a table, placing one Roman numeral on the right and another on the left. Then follow the steps below.
We will refer to "A" as the numbers on the left and "B" as those on the right.
- Divide A by 2 and place the quotient below. For example: 23 / 2 = 11.
- Multiply B by 2 and place the result below.
- Repeat steps 1 and 2 until the number 1 remains in the left column (term A).
- Remove from the table all rows where the leftmost quotient is even.
- Add up all the numbers that remain in the right column (term B).
Here's an example of how to multiply two Roman numerals.
- A = LXXVII = 77
- XXXVIII (38)
- XIX (19)
- ix (9)
- IV (4)
- II (2)
- I (1)
- B = XXXVIII = 38
- LXXVI (76)
- CLII (152)
- CCCIV (304)
- DCVIII (608)
- MCCXVI (1216)
- MMCDXXXII (2432)
Now we remove all the rows where there is an even number on the left side.
- LXXVII (77)
- XIX (19)
- ix (9)
- I (1)
- XXXVIII (38)
- CLII (152)
- CCCIV (304)
- MMCDXXXII (2432)
Now we just need to add up the numbers on the right side as we have already done.
- XXXVIII + CLII + CCCIV + MMCDXXXII
- XXXVIII + CLII + CCCIII + MMCCCCXXXII (convert the subtractions into sums)
- XXXVIIICLIICCCIIIIMMCCCCXXXII (put the numbers together)
- MMCCCCCCCCLXXXXXXVIIIIIIIIII (order them from largest to smallest)
- MMDCCCLLXVXI (simplify by adding from right to left)
- MMDCCCCXXVI (simplify by adding from right to left)
- MMCMXXVI (final result: 2926)
Division
The divisions in Roman numerals were not very accurate, and there are no known rules for calculating them.
The only thing we know is that we have to subtract the divisor from the dividend until we get a number smaller than the divisor. For example: 10 / 3. Here the dividend is 10 and the divisor is 3.
To calculate division in Roman numerals, you should do the following:
- 10 - 3 = 7
- 7 - 3 = 4
- 4 - 3 = 1
The remainder is 1 and the quotient is 3 (because we subtracted 3 times). So the answer is 3, however, that's not entirely true, since 10 / 3 = 3,33333…
You should repeat this same process with Roman numerals to obtain the result in that numerical system. To ensure you understand the information clearly, we'll show you some additional things to keep in mind about these numbers. We're confident that this will help you fully grasp them.
- Roman numerals They have an ordinal value. Therefore, it would be incorrect to say "VIII. º Juegos Olímpicos". The correct way is: VIII Juegos Olímpicos.
- The letters "V, D and L" They are not repeated. There are other letters to represent those numbers, for example, instead of writing LL, which would be 100, the letter C is used.
- The number zero (0) is not part of Roman numerals. To refer to the number, they used the terms nulla, nihil or the letter N.
- The symbol I can only subtract from V and X.
- The symbol X can only be subtracted from L and C.
- The symbol C can only be subtracted from D and M.
- The only exception for writing the letters of Roman numerals in lowercase It is for structuring a list of elements.
Roman numerals are rarely used, although learning them is important. You will frequently see them in the following cases:
- In successions of popes, emperors, princes or monarchs with the same name (Henry VIII of England).
- To name centuries (15th century).
- To number volumes or chapters of a book or film (Chapter I).
- To number festivities that are celebrated periodically (IV Hunting Games).
- To name dynasties of some cultures (The 16th Dynasty of Qing Dynasty).
Dates in Roman numerals
Writing dates in Roman numerals is really easy. All you have to do is separate the date into subgroups and convert those to Roman numerals. For example, if we want to convert the date 01-02-2018, or February 1, 2018 , we first convert the day, 1, which would be I, then we convert the month, 2, which would be II, and finally we convert the year, 2018, which would be MMXVIII.
Then we regroup each of the parts into our traditional format: I-II-MMXVIII. If you have any questions about this process, you can leave us a comment at the end of the article.
How do I insert Roman numerals in Word?
Many of you have asked us this question, and we'll try to answer it as best we can. First, if you want to write the number 1 in Roman numerals in Word, simply type the capital letter I. From 1 to 4000, all numbers can be represented with the letters we normally use. If you want to write a larger number, such as 5000, you need to use a vinculum , as we've already mentioned, which you can create by following these steps:
- First of all, we click on Insert -> New equation.
- Next, we look for the Accent option and choose the equation one bar above:
- Which will leave us with something like this in our Word document:
- Finally, inside that square we write whatever we want to have a vinculum. For example, for the number 5002 we would have:
Done! You now know how to write Roman numerals in Word. On the other hand, if you want a list to use Roman numerals instead of regular numbers, use the following option:
Anyway, if you have any questions, you can leave us a comment below and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.
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